Cardiovascular System – Heart Anatomy, Function, and Circulatory Pathways Practice Test

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• What initiates the action potential in the heart?
• What is the fossa ovalis?
• What do Purkinje fibers do?
• What are the two types of heart valves?
• Which condition increases afterload?
• Which measurement best reflects preload?
• Which structure carries impulses from the AV node to the ventricles?
• How does aging affect afterload?
• What is the end-diastolic volume (EDV)?
• Which block represents complete failure of atrial impulses to reach the ventricles?
• What is a third-degree AV block?
• Cardiomegaly is commonly associated with which conditions?
• What is the epicardium?
• Beta blockers exert their action primarily in which cardiac cells?
• Positive chronotropic agents include which of the following?
• What is the significance of ventricular balance in the cardiac cycle?
• The rib cage protects the heart and which other thoracic organs?
• What is the process called when the membrane potential returns to -90 mV?
• Which node assumes pacemaker activity when the SA node is not functional?
• What are negative inotropic agents?
• Semilunar valves regulate blood flow between which structures?
• Which phase occurs immediately after atrial systole?
• What is a second-degree AV block?
• Which ventricle has a thicker wall and why?
• What is coronary heart disease?
• Which interval spans from the start of ventricular depolarization to the end of ventricular repolarization?
• Which is the primary function of arteries?
• What is cardiac output?
• What is the role of the left side of the heart?
• What is the mechanism by which beta blockers reduce heart rate?
• Which of the following is a phase of the cardiac cycle?
• What comprises the cardiac cycle?
• Which layer is the muscular middle layer that generates force to pump blood?
• What is the function of capillaries?
• What separates the right and left atria?
• Which statement describes the effect of parasympathetic activity on heart rate?
• At the start of the cardiac cycle when atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure, which process occurs?
• During the cardiac cycle, what is true about the left and right ventricles under normal conditions?
• What symptoms are associated with a myocardial infarction?
• During which phase do the ventricles relax while all heart valves remain closed?
• During atrial contraction, which valves are open?
• What are intercalated discs?
• Which vessel primarily drains deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium?
• Which structures are prominently visible on the posterior view of the heart?
• Afterload is defined as what?
• Inotropic agents affect which aspect of cardiac function?
• What are the minor heart sounds S3 and S4?
• Which channel is primarily responsible for the rapid depolarization in cardiac muscle cells?
• Which layer forms the outer surface of the heart wall and is the visceral pericardium?
• During repolarization in SA node, which ion movement predominates?
• What occurs during ventricular contraction?
• Which structure typically serves as the natural pacemaker of the heart?
• The AV node delay ensures that atrial contraction occurs before which ventricular event?
• Which physiological processes are influenced by pressure changes during the cardiac cycle?
• What is the role of the AV node?
• What happens during diastole?
• What happens during systole?
• What is the endocardium?
• What is edema in the context of the cardiovascular system?
• Stroke volume is determined by which of the following?
• What is the significance of the coronary arteries?
• How does sympathetic innervation affect the heart?
• Bradycardia is defined as?
• What is the purpose of the pericardium?
• What is the effect of beta blockers on heart rate?
• What is the general function of the cardiovascular system?
• The P wave on an ECG represents electrical changes of atrial depolarization at which location?
• What is end-systolic volume (ESV)?
• The Purkinje system distributes impulses primarily to which tissue?
• What is the relationship between heart rate and cardiac output?
• A patient with aging-related atherosclerosis would most likely experience which combination?
• Where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?
• During atrial contraction, how does ventricular pressure compare to atrial pressure?
• The outer layer of the heart wall is the epicardium.
• Which are the three primary types of blood vessels?
• Which equation represents end-systolic volume?
• Which statement best describes the Frank-Starling mechanism?
• How is cardiac reserve calculated?
• Which statement best defines ventricular fibrillation?
• Which statement best describes how pressure gradients that promote blood flow are generated in the heart?
• Increasing intracellular calcium in the sarcoplasm has what effect on contractility?
• What is the function of coronary circulation?
• What is the function of the pectinate muscle?
• During ventricular relaxation, what is true about the semilunar valves?
• What is the role of the right side of the heart?
• What is the primary significance of the atrial reflex?
• Which layer is the inner lining of the heart chambers and covers the surface of the valves?
• Where is the cardiac center located?
• What happens to the membrane potential during the threshold reaching event in the SA node?
• Which pair of heart sounds constitutes the normal sounds S1 and S2, with S3 and S4 considered minor sounds?
• What regulates the resting membrane and conduction of action potentials in cardiac muscle cells?
• What is the purpose of the serous fluid in the pericardial cavity?
• How does the action potential spread from the AV node?
• What is the myocardium?
• Chordae tendineae are thin collagen fibers that attach to which valve and to which muscular structures?
• What is the path of blood through the heart starting at the right atrium?
• Which are the three variables that influence stroke volume?
• Cardiac reserve is defined as which of the following?
• Arrange the heart wall layers from outermost to innermost.
• What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
• What is the role of the cardiac center?
• What separates the atria from the ventricles?
• What is the function of semilunar valves?
• What is the AV bundle also known as?
• During diastole in the cardiac cycle, what primarily happens?
• The cardiac center coordinates autonomic input to the heart; which two divisions provide this input?
• What is the aortic valve's location?
• What is a first-degree AV block?
• Which of the following best describes systemic circulation?
• What is the role of papillary muscles during heart contraction?
• S2 is the heart sound produced by the closing of which valves?
• Which phase involves atrial contraction pushing blood into the ventricles?
• What is the role of papillary muscles?
• The serous pericardium is made up of which two layers?
• Functional end arteries have limited collateral circulation. What is the likely consequence if such an artery becomes occluded?
• What does the S-T segment in an ECG represent?
• Which of the following is an example of a positive chronotropic effect?
• What generalization can be made about all veins?
• Starting at the right atrium, which valve immediately guards the flow into the right ventricle?
• Through which valve does blood exit the left atrium?
• Which great vessel is a vein that transports oxygenated blood?
• Autorhythmicity in the heart refers to the ability of cardiac muscle cells to spontaneously depolarize and generate action potentials.
• Which structure is not typically visible on the anterior surface of the heart?
• What is cardiomegaly?
• What is atrial fibrillation?
• What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
• Which statement best defines autorhythmicity in cardiac tissue?
• What is the significance of the delay at the AV node?
• Preload is defined as what?
• Which node is known as the pacemaker of the heart?
• Which valves are called semilunar valves?
• Which valve activity is associated with S1, the first heart sound?
• How does the heart's conduction system function?
• Which factors influence stroke volume?
• Which autonomic influence increases the heart rate and force of contraction?
• The atrial reflex helps prevent what?
• What are positive inotropic agents?
• Isovolumic contraction is defined as?
• The plateau phase in cardiac action potentials serves what primary purpose?
• What is the structure of the heart?
• Through which valve does blood exit the right atrium?
• In the heart's conduction system, what type of cells are present?
• How does preload affect stroke volume?
• How do heart rate and stroke volume relate to cardiac output?
• What is the total duration of the SA node action potential, and what heart rate does this correspond to?
• Which chamber does the pulmonary valve separate from the pulmonary trunk?
• Venous return refers to which of the following?
• What is valvular insufficiency?
• The diagram illustrating the phases of the cardiac cycle shows what?
• The T wave corresponds to which cardiac electrical event?
• How does atherosclerosis affect stroke volume?
• If venous return increases, what happens to end-diastolic volume (EDV)?
• Where is the SA node located?
• Aging-related vascular changes contribute to which of the following?
• What is the resting membrane potential (RMP) of SA nodal cells?
• What heart sound is created during isovolumic contraction?
• The left AV valve is also known as what?
• What are premature ventricular contractions?
• The coronary circulation primarily serves to supply blood to which tissue?
• Which of the following best describes pulmonary circulation?
• What is valvular stenosis?
• What does the Frank-Starling Law describe?
• During depolarization, the membrane potential moves from -90 mV to which value?
• What prevents backflow into the atria?
• Which of the following would produce a negative chronotropic effect?
• What are the main coronary arteries?
• What best describes functional end arteries?
• The Bainbridge reflex is an atrial reflex that does what in response to increased venous return?
• Which superficial features are visible from the anterior view of the heart?
• If stroke volume decreases while heart rate remains constant, what happens to cardiac output?
• Which fibers distribute the electrical impulse through the ventricles to coordinate contraction?
• In SA nodal depolarization, which ion influx most directly triggers the action potential?
• What happens during isovolumic relaxation?
• What is the refractory period in cardiac muscle?
• What is the effect of increased venous return on stroke volume?
• What happens to the AV and SL valves at the beginning of the cardiac cycle?
• Which side of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs?
• What is the primary difference between cardiac nodal cells and neurons?
• What does autorhythmicity refer to in cardiac muscle?
• What are the layers of the heart wall?
• Baroreceptors influence cardiac output by which mechanism?
• What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on heart rate?
• What separates the left and right ventricles?
• Which of the following lists the three layers of the pericardium?
• During atrial contraction, what occurs?
• What does the Right Coronary Artery supply?
• How does a myocardial infarction primarily differ from stable angina?
• What is the resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle cells?
• What is the P-R interval in an ECG?
• What does the QRS complex in an ECG signify?
• The pericardial cavity is formed by which two layers of the serous pericardium?
• What occurs during the atrial and ventricular filling phase?
• What is unique about the left atrium's pectinate muscle?
• Which sequence correctly represents the order of ECG events in a normal cycle?
• What are the components of the heart's conduction system?
• What is the function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?
• Which are major coronary veins?
• Between which structures is the pulmonary valve located?
• To which chamber do the coronary veins drain deoxygenated blood?
• If EDV is 130 mL and SV is 70 mL, what is ESV?
• What is angina pectoris?
• During the onset of ventricular contraction, what is the status of the AV valves and SL valves?
• What is the function of cardiac muscle?
• What happens to cardiac output if both heart rate and stroke volume increase?
• Preload is most directly influenced by which factor?
• What is the primary function of the heart's conduction system?
• How is autorhythmicity defined in relation to the heart?
• What happens to the SL valves during ventricular ejection?
• What heart rate is typically produced by cardiac tissue if it becomes the pacemaker?
• What is the P-Q segment in an ECG?
• What factors influence cardiac output through heart rate?
• What do nodal cells have that is similar to neurons?
• During which phase of the cardiac cycle do coronary vessels primarily dilate to increase blood flow to the heart muscle?
• What is the 'widow maker' artery?
• Which component carries the impulse from the AV node to the ventricles?
• How does parasympathetic innervation affect the heart?
• What is a myocardial infarction?
• Which cells characterize the conduction system as non-contractile yet conductive?
• Which pericardial layer is directly in contact with the myocardium?
• Which vessels are primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs and tissues?
• The heart's autonomic control aims to increase which aspects when stimulated?
• What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle?
• Premature ventricular contractions are often triggered by which factors?
• What is ectopic pacemaker?
• What is the function of the Coronary Sinus?
• What is the significance of the myocardium's extensive blood supply?
• Which features are visible from the posterior view of the heart?
• Which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?
• Tachyarrhythmia is defined as?
• What types of pathways does the cardiac center contain?
• Aging-related atherosclerosis can lead to which cardiovascular consequence?
• What is the relationship between atrial pressure and ventricular pressure at the beginning of the cardiac cycle?
• What is the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs?
• How is coronary blood flow regulated?
• Which event occurs during repolarization in the SA node?
• What are trabeculae carneae?
• What is the Q-T interval in an ECG?
• Increased afterload tends to affect stroke volume in which way?
• Which statement correctly describes the aortic valve?
• What initiates muscle contraction in cardiac muscle cells?
• Negative chronotropic agents include which of the following?
• What is the role of the SA node?
• Where are pectinate muscles located?
• The Purkinje fibers originate from which conduction routes?
• What effect does the sympathetic innervation have on the heart?
• What occurs at the beginning of the cardiac cycle?
• If EDV is 130 mL and ESV is 60 mL, what is stroke volume (SV)?
• What is the function of coronary veins?
• Which two variables determine cardiac output?
• Which valve allows blood to exit the right ventricle?
• What occurs during ventricular relaxation?
• What is the duration of the cardiac muscle cell's refractory period?
• The atrial reflex adjusts heart rate in response to which parameter?
• Which valves are semilunar valves?
• What are the three layers of the heart wall?
• Baroreceptors respond to changes in which variable?
• What does the Left Coronary Artery supply?
• The heart is a hollow organ with how many chambers?
• Which vessel transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
• If the SA node fails, what is the intrinsic rhythm of the AV node?
• What is a heart murmur?
• How are cardiac muscle cells arranged?
• Which tissue type exhibits autorhythmicity?
• What happens during the depolarization phase of cardiac muscle cells?
• Which finding is characteristic of a first-degree AV block?
• During the depolarization phase of SA nodal cells, which channels open to allow calcium entry?
• What occurs during ventricular ejection?
• What is the significance of the refractory period in cardiac muscle?
• What is stroke volume?
• Which molecules' binding to nodal cells is blocked by beta blockers, leading to a lower heart rate?
• What is cardiac output (CO)?
• Valvular insufficiency leads to which effect?
• If a beta blocker is given, which statement best describes the expected impact on heart rate?
• What does the T wave in an ECG indicate?
• Which valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?
• The QRS complex on an ECG corresponds to which cardiac event?
• What is the function of the vagus nerve in heart innervation?
• How is cardiac output calculated?
• What is the primary energy source for cardiac muscle?
• What is the described effect of aging on stroke volume?
• What separates the right and left ventricles?
• What promotes blood flow through the heart?
• Which term describes the process of plaque buildup in coronary arteries that narrows the lumen?
• The Bainbridge reflex is designed to prevent overfilling by increasing heart rate in response to which condition?
• What occurs during the plateau phase of cardiac muscle cells?
• Which receptors are primarily involved in the atrial reflex?
• What is the effect of increased calcium in the sarcoplasm on stroke volume?
• Which is the primary function of veins?
• What role do desmosomes play in cardiac muscle?
• During which phase are the AV valves open to allow ventricular filling?
• What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?
• The fossa ovalis is a remnant of which fetal structure?
• Which node is responsible for delaying conduction to allow atrial contraction before ventricular contraction?
• Contractility is defined as what?
• What is the pulmonary valve's location?
• What does the P wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG) represent?
• Which heart layer lines the interior of the heart chambers?
• Chronotropic agents are factors that affect what aspect of cardiac function?
• The first heart sound is due to the closure of which valves?
• Which list accurately describes the pumps and channels that regulate the resting membrane potential and conduction in cardiac muscle cells?
• What heart sound is created during isovolumic relaxation?
• What is the significance of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?
• If heart rate increases and stroke volume remains constant, what happens to cardiac output?
• Cardiac output varies directly with changes in which two factors?
• What is the relationship between heart size and stroke volume?
• What are the three electrical events that occur at the sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cells?
• During the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential, what occurs?
• During the plateau phase, which ions move and in which directions?
• The chordae tendineae are anchored by which structures?
• Which structures provide entrances to the right atrium?
• What is the pericardial cavity?
• During the QRS complex, which event also occurs but is not its primary feature?
• What are the types of atrioventricular valves?
• Which great vessel is an artery that transports deoxygenated blood?